TO THE MOOST VICtoriouse and Redowbtede prince Henry theyght by the grace of God Kynge of Englande, Fraunce and Irelande defender of the faythe And of the Churche of Englande and also of Irela [n] de in erthe the supreame Hedde be al prosperitye in continuall honour
WHere as emongeste other sondrye and manifolde good and godlye ordinaunces bothe mooste wyselye inue [n] tede and mooste effectuously performede and put in vse by your grace moste noble and Redoubtede Prynce, Wherby youre Royalmes and dominions haue receauede infinitte co [m] modyties and auoyde greate displeasures and disturbaunce whyche bothe nowe disquiet other Royalmes and before your graces tyme hath also vexed thys your Royalme of Englande: your excelle [n] t wysdome (as you haue an eye to euery parte and membre of your Dominion) hath causede to be enactede and stablyshede by your moste cheffe and heghest counsayl of the parlyament, that there shal herafter be no differe [n] ce in lawes and language bytwyxte youre subiectes of youre principalytyeof Wales
a2rof Wales and your other subiectes of your Royalme of Englande* mooste prudently consyderynge what great hatred debate and stryffe hatheFor as S Paul sayeth if I knowe not what the language meaneth, I shalbe vn to hym that speaketh an alient and he that speaketh shalbe an alient vn to me. i. Cor. xiiii. * rysen emongeste men by reason of dyuersitie of language and what a bonde and knotte of loue and frendshyppe the co [m] munion of one tonge is, and that also by the iudgement of all wyse men it is moost conueniente and mete that they that be vnder dominio [n] of one most gracious Hedde and Kynge shal vse also one la [n] guage and that euen as theyr hertes agree in loue and obedie [n] ce to your grace so may also theyr tongues agree in one kynd of speche and language: Therfore I vnderstandynge that it is the dutye of all your graces louynge subiectes not onely the [m] selfe to obey your graces wyl and pleasure but also as moch as lyeth in them, bothe to encourage and further al other to the same Where as many other of excellent witte and learnynge haue done greate seruice to your grace in great and weightie maters I also emongeste the reste, accordynge to my small talent, thought it my duty to atte [m] pte alwayes I coulde to brynge, although smal although lytle, yet some helpe at the leaste wyse towarde the accomplyshement of youre mooste gracyouse pleasure Wherefore seyng ther is many of your graces subiectes in Wales that readethe parfytlye, the welshe tonge whych if they had, englyshe expounded in the welshe speche, myght be bothe theyr owne scholemaysters and other mennes also, and therby most spedely obteyne the knolege of the englishe to [n] ge throughowt
a2vowt all the countraye I haue writte [n] a lytle englyshe dyctionary with the welshe interpretacion wher vnto I haue prefixed a treatyse of the englyshe pronunciation of the letters: and although that nother the boke it selfe entreating of a matter byfore towchede of no man and therfore rude (as all thynges be at their furst byginnynge) can be in no poynte worthye to be offerede to your maiestie And I agayne of such symple both witte and learnyng and of such a meane and lowe estate that I am most vnworthe to dedicate any thynge vnto your grace althoughe of it selfe it were veraye excellent, yet the conscience of my most feruent loue towarde youre grace and most vehement desyre to accomplishe your wyll to my power hathe made me bolde emongeste other large and greate gyuers after thexa [m] ple of the poore widdowe (whom the Gospel speaketh of)Luc. xxi. * to offer vp to youre grace my lytle farthyng as a testimonye of mi due bonden loue towardes youre maiestie whom Ihesu the eternal Kynge preserue longe in al prosperitye and most highe honoure.
Wyllyam Salesburi wrth y darlleawdr.
ONid odit ddarlleydd bonheddigaid nid[ anghyssylltbell] vyssei ddangos a datclario pa lesaad pa vudd a phwy broffit a ddelsai ir neb a dreuliai ddim amser wrth[ ddarllen] a mefyriaw ar y llyfer hwn Oni byssei ddarfod orAwdurdot y llyuer gan y brenhin awdurtot y brenhin y gan dduw. blaen i oruwcheldab awn harglwydd vrenhin ay gyncor edrych arnaw ai dderbyn eissoes* yn lowedic gymradwy o help a chanhorthwy kychwyniad tywysogaeth at Iaith saesnaec A chan vod hefyd llywadraeth kalon brenhin (vegys y kyttystia r yscrythur lan) drwy law ddew, yr hwn a gatwo eu ras yn hirhoedloc lwyddianus ffynadwy Amen. Onid bellach i nessau tu ar peth kyfreitiaf a chyssonaf yngan a sonio am tanaw yn y vangre hon Sef er mwyn Kymbry or nid oes gantunt angwanec o ddyfynder athrowlythyr onid medry o vraidd ddew, ddarllen iaith eu mameu ir hai hynny yn vnic o chwenychant vegys y dylent vynny kyfrwyddyt i ddarllen a deall iaith Saesnec iaith heddyw vrddedic o bob rhyw oreuddysc iaith gyflawn o ddawn a buddygoliaeth ac iaith nid chwaith anhawdd i dyscy vegys y may pop nassiwn yn i hyfedyr ddyscy eb edrych yn llygat y boen nar gost ac yn angenrheitiach i ni r Kymbry no neb wrthei er esceuluset genym am y peth: Ir hai annyscedic hyny meddaf yd yscrifenned hyno wanathra
a3v[ athrawaeth] ac nid ir Rai tra[ chyfarwydd]. Onid atolwg i chwi y Rei sydd a mowrddysc genwch ac a wyddoch Rac mor werthfawr yw Dysc ym wneuthur awch hunain yn ol ddull saint Pawl ympop peth i pawp A moeswch hefyd (val y dywaid yr vnrhyw Pawl) modd yr abwydir rhai bychain a bara a llaeth* borthi o honawch chwitheu yr anyscedic a mwydion ych goruchelddysc ac nid a godidowocrwydd athronddysc. Ac velly os chwchwi ni[chuddiwch] dryssor yr Arglwydd onid i gyfranny yny gyfle ir angenogion o ddysceidaeth a doethineb ai gyfryw betheu ereill: Gobeitho i dyry duw vath ysprydoldeb vddunt hwytheu ac na sathrant val moch dim och gemau nach main gwyrthfawr ac na chodant ich erbyn val kwn ar vedyr awch brathy / Eithyr etto eilwaith i ymady a chyfeilornson / ac or diwedd i ddechreu ar hysbysy a silltau hanes ac ystyriaethYstyriaeth y llyver oll. y llyfer yma Ac yn gymeint nad ynt y[ llythyrenneu] yn vn ddywediat nac yn vn draythiad yn sasnec ac ynghymraec: Yn gyntaf dim y ddys yn datkan ac yn honny paddelw y darlleir acEnw r llyfyr. y trayther hwy yn ol tafodiad y Sason ac yno esampleu o eirieu kyfaddas yn kynlyn / A chwedy hynny y mae y Gairllyfyr ner Geiriawc saesnec yn dechry yr hwn a elwir yn saesnec an Englis dicsionary ys ef yw hyny kynullfa o eirieu seisnic / achos kynulleidfa o eirieu seisnic yd ywr holl llyferTrefyn y geirieu. hayach / Yn yr hwn os deliwch yn dda arnaw y ddys yn kadw order a threfyn ynto: o bleit ni chymysced dim or geirieu bendromwnwgyl ynto val y damwyniai vddunt syrthio ym[meddwl] or tro kyntaf: Eithyr ef adfeddylied vyth er mwyn yr a -
a4rnyscedic gyfryw vodd ac y darfy helkyt pop gair (hyd y deuei kof) yw van gyfaddas ehunan: Ac velly yr holl eirieu ac / a / yn y llythyren gyntaf oe dechreu a gynulled i gyd ir vnlle: A phop gair yn dechry a b / yn[y] llythyr kyntaf o honaw a ossodet or neulltuy / Ar geirieu a c / yn eu dechreuad a wahaned hwytheu or neulltuy: Ar geirieu a ddechreant ac ch, a ddidolet hwynte ehunain / A rhei a d / yn i kychwyn a gasclet ac a ossodet mewn man arall / Ac val hyn y rayed* y llaill pop vn i sefyll dan vaner i Capte [n] ythyr ddechreuol / Ac wrth hynny panModd y keffr sasnec ir gymraec. chwenychoch gaffael Saesnec am ryw air kamberaec: Yn gyntaf / edrychwch pa lythyren vo ynnechreu r gair hwnw yn anianol / o bleit os / a / vydd hi / spiwch am tanaw ynplith y Restyr eirieu a vont yn dechre ac a / ac yn y van hono ar y gyfer yn y rhes o eirieu saesnec y keffwch Saxonaec iddo / Eithyr gwiliwch yn dda rhac ych twyllo yn kam geisio gair allan oe van briod gyfaddas / vegys pe i keisiech vn or geirieu hyn yr ystym ar agwedd y maent yn gorwedd yn y penill yma Mae i mi gangen dec o vedwen Achos ni wasnaetha ywch wrth geisio saesnec am (gangen) chwilio am danaw ymysc y geirieu yn dechreu a g / namyn ymhlith y geirieu a vo k yn y dechreu / y dylyech espio am danaw / ay Saesnec vydd gar i vron: Canys y gair kroyw kyssefin ydyw kangen ac nid gangen kyd bo r ymadrodd kymraec yn kyfleddfy k yn g /* ac yn peri sonio t / val d / a b / val v / yn y geiriey hyn dec o vedwen / Ac am hyny rhait i chwi graffy byth pa lythyren a vo yn dechre r gair pan draether ar y ben ehun allan o ymadrodd vegys y dangosseis vchod / Ac velly yn ol y dadawc naturiol draethiad y mae i ch -
a4vwi geisio o mynwch chwi gael pop gair yn y gairllyfer yma / O bleit vegys na ddysgwyl neb onid ynfyd pan el i wiala ir koet gaffael gwiail yn tyfy yn vn ystym y byddant wedy r eilio am gledyr y plait / velly r vn modd ni ddiscwyl neb onid rhy[angcelfydd] gaffael pop rhyw air yn y gairllyfyr yn vn ystym nag yn vn agwedd i ddywediat a chwedy i blethy ymparwyden ymadrodd / Ac eb lawKyngor ysmala ir kymry hyn oll a ddywedais ymblaenllaw / Kymerwch hyn o gyngor gyd a chwi y sawl gymry a chwenychoch ddyscy gartref wrth tan Saesnec / Nid amgen no gwybod o honawch na ddarlleir ac na thraethir pop gair saesnec mor llawnllythyr ac mor hollawl ac yd screfenner Uegys hyn God be wyth you yr hwn a draetha r kyffredin / God biwio: A swrn o eirieu ereill a yscrifenir hefyd Ryw sillafeu ynthunt yn vn ffunut eithyr ni ddarlleir ddim honunt or vn ffynyt val y rhai hyn or naill[ddarllenyad] bowe, crowe, trowe ar hain a ddarlleir bo bwa: kro / bran: tro / tybyeid / A rhai hyn hefyd a escrifenir y pen diwaythaf vddunt yr vn ffunut ac ir llaill or blaen eithyr i ddarllen a wnair yn amgenach cowe, lowe, nowe, narrowe, sparowe y rhai a ddywedir yn gyffredin val hyn kow / buwch: low / lowio: now yn awr: narrw kyfing: sparw ederyn y to / Ac am gyfryw ddamwynieu yr hyn y byddei ryddygyn ir ddarlleydd i nodi pe doe kof chwaith i scrifeny mae goreu kyngor a vetrwyf vi ir neb (val y dywedais ymlaen) or ni edy anghaffael iddo vyned i loecr lle mae r iaith yn gynenid / ymofyn o honaw ac vn a wypo Saesnec (o bleit odit o blwyf ynkymbry eb Sasnigyddion yntho) paddelw
b1rpaddelw y gelwir y peth ar peth yn sasnec. Ac yno dal a chraffy pa vodd y traythai ef y gair ne r geirieu hyny yn saisnigaidd / a chyd a hyny kymeryd y llyfer yma yn angwanec o goffaduriaeth yn absen athrawon / ac yn diffic dyscyawdwyr yr iaith. Dewch yn ach a
Y gwyddor o lythyrenneu bychain.
A.a. B. c.ch.d.dd.e.f.ff.g.gh.h.i.k.l.ll.m.m. n. n.o.p.r.r.s.ss.s.st.t.th.v.u.w.y.
Egwyddor or llythreneu kanolic o vaint.
a. b.c.d.e.f.g.gh.h.i.k.l.m.n.o.p.q.r.r.s.s. t. v.u.r.y.z.ss.ss.st.w.et.9.9.
A. B.C.D.E.F.G.H.I.K.L.M.N.O.P.Q R.S.T.U.Y.
Gwyddor or vath vwyaf ar lythyreu.
A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U X
About this transcription
Transcribed from: EEBO url Reproduction of the original in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery.
PNG
This is a facsimile and transcription of A dictionary in Englyshe and Welshe moche necessary to all suche Welshemen as wil spedly learne the englyshe to[n]gue thought vnto the kynges maiestie very mete to be sette forthe to the vse of his graces subiectes in Wales: wherevnto is p[re]fixed a litle treatyse of the englyshe pronu[n]ciacion of the letters. It is held by the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery.
The transcription was encoded in TEI P5 XML by Llewelyn Hopwood.
About the source text
Editorial statement
Created by encoding transcription from printed text.
This is a diplomatic transcription of the original text.
Typographic variations have been recorded as they appear in the original, including the distinction between ‘u’ and ‘v’, and the use of ‘i’ where ‘j’ would be expected in modern English. The exceptions are the distinctions made between long ‘s’ and the two different forms of miniscule round ‘s’ (see ‘ddangos’ on p.a3r and ‘subiectes’ on p.a1v), the two different types of ‘r’ (see ‘grace’ and ‘Prynce’ on p.a1v), and the two different types of ‘w’ (see ‘wiala’ and ‘gwiail’ p.a4v), which have all been regularized to small case ‘s’, ‘r’ and ‘w’ respectively. A typographic peculiarity to note is that there are two types of ‘v’: one in the English section and one in the Welsh. In the latter, ‘v’ looks confusingly similar to ‘b’, although they are distinct – compared to the ‘b’ minim, the ‘v’ leans left and is more rounded resulting in a wider hook – and have been transcribed as such. Abbreviations have been expanded. These include nasal bars (noted in square brackets), the Tironian sign ‘et’ (expanded as English ‘and’), and the singular uses of ‘yͭ’ for the relative pronoun ‘that’ and ‘p̄’ for ‘pre-’.
Biblical references have been expanded in the footnotes using the New International Version and, on one occasion, Salesbury’s own 1567 Welsh translation of the New Testament in order to ease comparison between the author’s rendering of the same verse in 1547 and in 1567.
The original languages have not been updated in the transcription, though an English translation has been provided for the Welsh. My translation is more literal and faithful than previous, now somewhat out-dated translations (e.g. those found in Gabriele Stein, The English Dictionary before Cawdrey (Tübingen: M. Niemeyer, 1985), pp. 157–164 and Alexander John Ellis, On Early English Pronunciation, with Especial Reference to Shakspere and Chaucer (London: published for the Philological Society by Asher Co. and for the Early English Text Society, and the Chaucer Society by Trübner Co, 1869–89) 5 vols, III, pp. 770–5). In the cases where different translations lead to significantly different meanings, alternative translations have been given in footnotes.
Capital letters and punctuation have been kept as in the original, including the most notable use, namely the seemingly erratic employment of forward slashes serving variously as quotation marks, brackets, hyphens, and sentence and clause dividers. This is one way in which my diplomatic transcription differs from the most widely-used critical edition: Rhagymadroddion: 1547–1659, ed. by Garfield H. Hughes (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1976), pp. 5–8. However, in the English translation provided, capital letters, punctuation, and sentence division has been sympathetically updated. In both the transcription and the translation, I have kept catchwords and word divisions over page breaks (with or without hyphens as they appear in the original) but not over line breaks.
The only aspects of the original text that have been changed are printing errors. While early or idiosyncratic spellings have been kept, errors such as missing or duplicate letters and letters capitalized in the middle of words have been corrected, though the original is also given. Issues such as these are mostly in the Welsh section and are likely to have arisen due to Welsh being an unfamiliar language to the English printers, demonstrating the teething problems and practical difficulties of printing the Welsh language for the very first time.
At one point, the author gives Welsh examples in order to instruct the reader on how to use the dictionary. My translation includes these in their original Welsh with translations in the footnotes. Similarly, in one section, Salesbury writes the phonetic realisation of certain English words in order to caution the reader on the discrepancies between English spelling and pronunciation. In order to preserve this Welsh-speaking polyglot’s attempt to render the sounds of English in an orthography that is readable to literate, monoglot Welsh speakers, I decided to keep these English words in their original ‘Welsh’ spelling, with English translations in the footnotes (e.g. ‘kro’ purportedly representing how ‘crow’ was pronounced).
Publication information
- Taylor Institution Library, one of the Bodleian Libraries of the University of Oxford,
- STC 21616
- ORA
. Images produced by ProQuest® as part of Early English Books Online. www.proquest.com .